Your Dog May Know If You’ve Done Something On Purpose, Or Just Screwed Up

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Researchers in Germany used this glass partition and handful of dog treats in a clever experiment aimed at deciphering what dogs do and don’t understand about human intent.

Josepha Erlacher

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Josepha Erlacher

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To try to probe what dogs might be able to comprehend about people’s intentions, Bräuer and her colleagues asked dog owners to bring their pets into their lab. The experiments involved 51 dogs, and the canines were first taught that an experimenter would feed them tasty treats through a gap in a glass partition.

«And then we interrupted this established pattern by suddenly withholding the treats, explains Britta Schünemann of Harvard University, who did this work while at the University of Göttingen. Instead of being passed through the partition, the delicious treats this time stayed on the experimenter’s side of the glass. The dogs could see them there, tantalizingly close, on the floor.

Sometimes the treats ended up there because they were withheld «by accident. In those cases, the experimenter attempted to pass the treats through the partition, but clumsily dropped them. Or, the gap in the glass partition was closed up, and the dog could watch the experimenter try to pass the treats through but fail.

When the human researcher «accidentally drops the second of the treats she’s been feeding the dog, the dog hesitates only a second before rushing around the glass partition to retrieve the dropped food.

Credit: Judith Keller

Other times, however, the experimenter showed the dog the treats through the gap in the glass partition and then deliberately withdrew them, intentionally placing the food on the floor next to her seat.

Every single time the dog failed to get food, no matter why the treat was withheld, the dog could simply walk around the side of the partition and gobble up the easily seen treats. But whether they did this, and how quickly, seemed to depend on whether the person appeared to have denied the dog the treats either «accidentally or on purpose.

Dogs approached the food on the floor quickly when the experimenter failed to give it to them «by accident. But when the experimenter had deliberately withheld the treats, the dogs seemed more hesitant. They waited longer before going around the partition to try to eat it.

Some dogs didn’t even try to get food that was intentionally withheld. Instead, they simply sat down. That was an unexpected behavior, says Bräuer, who imagines that the dogs were maybe thinking something along the lines of: «I am being a good dog, and maybe then she will give me the food that she obviously doesn’t want to give me at the moment.

Watch carefully and you’ll see that this time the researcher simply shows the dog the treat, then places it on the floor beside her right foot, before turning away from the pup. The dog waits and watches quite a bit longer than in the previous video clip before walking around to find and eat the treat that had been withheld.

Credit: Judith Keller

Bräuer notes that this whole set of circumstances was an unusual one for the dogs — because their owners most likely would not be in the habit of teasing them with food and refusing to give it to them. The way the dogs reacted, she says, «might really suggest that they are able to understand intention, at least in this simple set-up.

Similar results have been found in experiments with chimpanzees. For safety reasons, chimps have to to remain on their own side of the partition. They will angrily pound on the glass or leave the experiment in a huff when food is deliberately denied to them. But when food is withheld from chimps by accident, says Schünemann, «they will really try to help you to give them the reward, and put their finger through the gap and try to get the reward.

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In humans, a basic understanding of other’s intentions seems to be present in early infancy. For example, if toddlers see an adult trying to put two parts of an object together, but clumsily be unable to do it, the children will imitate the action but put the object together successfully. «So it really seems that they understand that some people fail — but they understand what they intended to do, says Schünemann.

Being able to understanding people’s intentions in a more complex way — like how they depend on someone’s beliefs, desires, and values — develops in the later pre-school years, she adds.

It’s not possible to ask the dogs what they were thinking in this experimental situation, says Bräuer. Still, she finds the results telling. «The take home message for me is that they are very sensitive and might even distinguish whether we do things on purpose or not, she says. «They are constantly watching us and are very sensitive to such subtle differences as we saw in that experiment. I think that’s amazing and interesting.

She’s thought a lot about whether dogs understand when someone accidentally stomps on their tail. «I don’t know, she says. «Maybe the situation is a bit different. That’s because it involves pain, instead of a reward.

Wynne, however, thinks even the findings of this experiment with food are difficult to interpret. What the experimenters were trying to convey through their actions, he says, «is an immensely subtle and confusing thing for anybody to grasp, never mind a dog.

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Dogs were fed several tasty treats through the gap before the experimenter started to withhold the reward in a way that looked either intentional or unintentional. In similar experiments with chimps, the apes angrily pounded on the glass or left the experiment in a huff when the treats were deliberately denied them.

Josepha Erlacher

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Josepha Erlacher