Diet soda may prompt food cravings, especially in women and people with obesity

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Drinking artificially sweetened diet sodas may lead to increase in appetite and weight gain, research finds.

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The study notes that most earlier research focused on males and people of normal weight. But this finding suggests that diet drinks sweetened with sucralose could be disadvantageous to the people who could benefit most from an effective diet strategy.

«It is precisely people with obesity who disproportionately suffer from a strong drive to eat high-calorie foods,» says Laura Schmidt, a professor of health policy at the University of California, San Francisco.

Page and her team measured the response to diet soda in three ways. They used functional MRI brain images of the 74 study participants to document the activation of parts of the brain linked to appetite and cravings. They used blood samples to measure blood sugar and metabolic hormones that can drive hunger. And they also tracked how much participants ate at a buffet table that was open at the end of each study session.

Determining whether diet soda helps or hinders dieters’ efforts to lose weight has been tough. Some studies have shown benefits, but long-term research has found that diet soda consumption is linked to increased weight gain.

«This study offers some clues as to why,» Schmidt wrote in an email to NPR. «Artificial sweeteners could be priming the brains of people with obesity to crave high-calorie foods.»

There’s ongoing research into the complex ways that artificial sweeteners may influence metabolism and weight, says Susan Swithers, a behavioral scientist at Purdue University who was not involved in the new study but reviewed the findings.

«These results are consistent with patterns that we’ve actually seen in my lab in [animal] studies,» Swithers says.

One hypothesis is that it’s not the artificial sweetener itself that has a direct effect on the body. The idea is that artificial sweeteners may confuse the body by tricking it into thinking sugar is coming.

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«You are supposed to get sugar after something tastes sweet. Your body has been conditioned to that,» explains Swithers. But diet soda may lead to a disconnect. The sugar never arrives, and this may blunt the body’s anticipatory responses — and throw off the ability to efficiently metabolize sugar that’s consumed later.

This could mean that «when you get the sweet taste without the sugar, that changes how you respond to sugar the next time because you don’t know whether it’s coming or not,»Swithers says

For instance, Swithers’ lab has documented that when animals with a history of getting artificial sweeteners get real sugar, their blood sugar levels rise higher than animals not fed artificial sweeteners. «It’s a small effect, but over time this could contribute to potentially significant consequences,» she says.

If this is happening in some people who consume diet soda, it could add to the risk of Type-2 diabetes because when blood sugar rises, the body has to release more insulin to absorb the sugar. «So what you’re doing is you are kind of pushing the system harder,» Swithers says.

Given the new research, should diet soda drinkers who are trying to reach a healthy weight give up on artificially sweetened drinks?

«People with obesity might want to completely avoid diet sodas for a couple of weeks to see if this helps to reduce cravings for high-calorie foods,» Schmidt suggests.

• artificial sweetener
• weight gain